Experiments BEC 251

                                     Experiments BEC 251

Experiment 1

Obejctive: 

Study of Lab Equipment and Components: DSO, Multimeter, and Function Generator, Power supply-Active, Passive Components and Bread Board.

Apparatus required: 

DSO

Multimeter 

Function Generator 

Active Passive Components

Bread Board

Theory: 

(DSO) Digital storage oscilloscope : 

An electronic device that stores and analyses the signal in the digital format is known as Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO). When the input signal is given to the DSO, then it is processed, stored in the memory, and displayed on the screen. It stores the signal in the form of digital data as either 1 Or 0.

The advanced features of the DSO are triggering, storage and measurement. It can display the waveform or signal both numerically and visually. It is often referred to as the Digital Sampling Oscilloscope. Rather than using analog techniques, it used Digital Processing Techniques to capture, analyze, process, store, and display the signal on the screen.

 

MULTIMETER:  

A Multimeter is used to measure many electrical quantities. 

It can measure:

voltage (AC & DC), 

current (AC & DC),

Resistance,

Capacitance,

frequency,

Continuity.

A multimeter is a voltmeter, ammeter & ohmmeter combined together.

 

POWER SUPPLY: 

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load.

Active and Passive Components: 

Active Electronic Components :-

Active electronic components are those that can control the flow of electricity. 

Different Types of Printed Circuit Boards have at least one active component. 

Some examples of active electronic components are transistor, vacuum tubes, silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs).

 

Passive Electronic Components :-

Passive electronic components are those that don’t have the ability to control electric current by means of another electrical signal. 

Examples of passive electronic components are capacitors, resistors, inductors, transformers, and some diodes. These can be either Thru-Hole of SMD Components.

 

Resistor :

A Resistor is an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current. It is a passive device used to control, or impede the flow of, electric current in an electric circuit by providing resistance, thereby developing a drop in voltage across the device.

Capacitor :

A Capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors called “plates”. The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as “charging “. The ability of a capacitor to store charge is measured by its capacitance.

Capacitors are used in electronic circuits as energy storage devices. They are also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals. A wide variety of capacitors are available, including  electrolytic capacitors, basic parallel-plate capacitors, and mechanical variable capacitors.

Diode :

A diode is a one-way valve for electricity. Diodes allow flow of electricity in one direction. Most diodes have a painted line on one end showing the direction or flow. The negative side is normally white.

Integrated Circuit (IC): 

Integrated Circuit (IC) are package of several complex circuits. IC's are available in a wide variety of packages and sizes. Their applications are as varied as their packages.

Transistor :

A transisitor is a semiconductor device. It is the fundamental building block of the circuitry in mobile phones, computers, and several other electronic devices. A transistor has very fast response and is used in a number of functions including voltage regulation, amplification, switching, signal modulation, and oscillators.

Transistors may be packaged individually or they can be a part of an integrated circuit. Some of the ICs have billion of transistors in a very small area.    

Function Generator: 

Function Generator is basically a signal generator that produces different types of waveforms at the output. It has the ability to produce waveforms such as sine wave, square wave, a triangular wave, sawtooth wave etc. An adjustable frequency range is provided by the function generator which is in the range of some Hz to several 100KHz.

There exist various function generators that have the ability to produce two different waveforms simultaneously by using two different output terminals.

Function Generator is a versatile instrument as an extensive variety of frequencies and waveforms are produced by it. The various waveforms generated by the function generator are suitable for various applications. It provides adjustment of wave shape, frequency, magnitude and offset but requires a load connected before adjustment.

Breadboard:
A Breadboard is simply a board for prototyping or building circuits on. 

It allows you to place components and connections on the board to make circuits without soldering. 

The holes in the breadboard take care of your connections by physically holding onto parts or wires where you put them and electrically connecting them inside the board. 

The ease of use and speed are great for learning and quick prototyping of simple circuits. 

More complex circuits and high frequency circuits are less suited to breadboarding. 

Breadboard circuits are also not ideal for long term use like circuits built on perfboard (protoboard) or PCB (printed circuit board), but they also don’t have the soldering (protoboard), or design and manufacturing costs (PCBs).

RESULT:- 

We have Studied the Lab Equipment and Components: DSO, Multimeter, and Function Generator, Power supply-Active, Passive Components and Bread Board.

Precautions:

When working with electronic lab equipment during experiments, it’s essential to follow safety precautions to ensure your well-being and prevent damage to the equipment. Here are some general safety guidelines to keep in mind:

1. Disconnect power before handling electronics.
2. Always verify power circuit status before touching components.
3. Replace fuses only after disconnecting power.
4. Double-check work before reconnecting power.
5. Maintain clean workspace; wear safety glasses for high-power circuits.

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                                           Experiment 2

to be continued...

Unit 1 first and second lecture...

::NOTES::

 

BAS105 / BAS205: SOFT SKILLS SYLLABUS

 BAS105 / BAS205: SOFT SKILLS

Unit-1 Applied Grammar and Usage:

Transformation of Sentences: Simple, Compound and Complex, 

Subject-verb agreement, 

Prefix and Suffix, 

Antonyms, 

Synonyms, 

Homophones,

Homonyms, 

New word Formation, 

Select word power

Unit-2: Listening and Speaking Skills

Active Listening : Meaning and Art of Listening, 

Traits of a Good Listener,

Listening modes, 

listening and Note taking, 

Types of Listening, 

Listening Techniques using Ted Talk Audio listening with script reading, 

Pronunciation;

Speaking style ; content and sequencing.

Unit-3: Reading and Writing Skills:

Reading style: Skimming; Scanning; Churning & Assimilation, 

Effective writing tools and methods: 

Inductive Deductive; Exposition; Linear; Interrupted; Spatial & Chronological etc, 

Official and Business Letter writing, 

Agenda, Notices,

Minutes of meeting,

Unit-4: Presentation and Interaction Skills

Introduction to oral communication, 

Nuances and Modes of Speech Delivery,

Public speaking: confidence, clarity, and fluency, 

Individual Speaking: Elements;

Non verbal Communication: Kinesics, 

Paralinguistic features of Voice-Dynamics,

Proxemics, 

Chronemics, and Presentation Strategies: planning, preparation, organization, delivery

Unit-5: Work- place skills:

Leadership qualities; 

Impact, 

Communication skills for Leaders: 

Listening and Responding; 

Mental health at work place: 

Managing Stress; Techniques:

Application of 4 A’s; Avoid; Alter; Access; Adapt

BAS104 / BAS204: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY SYLLABUS

 BAS104 / BAS204: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

Unit-1

Environment: Definition, 

Types of Environment, 

Components of environment,

Segments of environment, 

Scope and importance, 

Need for Public Awareness.

Ecosystem: Definition, 

Types of ecosystem, 

Structure of ecosystem, 

Food Chain,

Food Web, 

Ecological pyramid. 

Balance Ecosystem.

Effects of Human Activities such as Food, Shelter, Housing, Agriculture, Industry, Mining, Transportation, Economic and Social security on Environment, 

Environmental Impact Assessment, 

Sustainable Development.

Unit-2

Natural Resources:  Introduction, 

Classification.

Water Resources; 

Availability, 

sources and Quality Aspects, 

Water Borne and Water Induced Diseases, 

Fluoride and Arsenic Problems in Drinking Water.

Mineral Resources; 

Material Cycles;

Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur cycles.

Energy Resources; 

Conventional and Non conventional Sources of Energy.

Forest Resources; 

Availability, 

Depletion of Forests, 

Environment impact of forest depletion on society.

Unit-3

Pollution and their Effects; 

Public Health Aspects of Environmental;

Water Pollution, 

Air Pollution, 

Soil Pollution, 

Noise Pollution, 

Solid waste management.

Unit-4 

Current Environmental Issues of Importance; 

Global Warming, 

Green House Effects, 

Climate Change, 

Acid Rain, 

Ozone Layer Formation and Depletion,

Population Growth and Automobile pollution, 

Burning of paddy straw.

Unit-5

Environmental Protection; 

Environmental Protection Act 1986, 

Initiatives by Non Governmental Organizations (NGO’s), 

Human Population and the Environment: 

Population growth, 

Environmental Education, 

Women Education.

BME101 / BME201: FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYLLABUS

 BME101 / BME201: 

FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Unit -1: Introduction to Mechanics

Force moment and couple, 

principle of transmissibility, 

Varignon's theorem. 

Resultant of force system- concurrent and non-concurrent coplanar forces, 

Types of supports (Hinge, Roller) and loads (Point, UDL, UVL), 

free body diagram, 

equilibrium equations and Support Reactions.

Normal and shear Stress, strain, 

Hookes’ law, 

Poisson’s ratio, 

elastic constants and their relationship, 

stress-strain diagram for ductile and brittle materials, 

factor of safety.

Unit-2: Introduction to IC Engines and Electric Vehicles

IC Engine:

Basic definition of engine and Components, 

Construction and Working of Two stroke and four stroke SI & CI engine, 

merits and demerits, 

scavenging process; 

difference between two-stroke and four stroke IC engines and SI and CI Engines.

Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles: 

Components of an EV, EV batteries,

chargers, drives, transmission and power devices. 

Advantages and disadvantages of EVs. 

Hybrid electric vehicles, 

HEV drive train components, advantages of HV.

Unit-3: Introduction to Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

Refrigeration: 

Refrigerating effect, Ton of Refrigeration; 

Coefficient of performance,

methods of refrigeration, 

construction and working of domestic refrigerator, 

concept of heat pump.

Air-Conditioning: 

Its meaning and application, 

humidity, 

dry bulb, 

wet bulb, and dew point temperatures, 

comfort conditions, 

construction and working of window air conditioner.

Unit-4: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Applications

Introduction: Fluids properties, pressure, density, dynamic and kinematic viscosity, 

specific gravity, 

Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluid, 

Pascal’s Law and Continuity Equation.

Working principles of hydraulic turbines (Pelton Wheel and Francis)& pumps (Centrifugal and Reciprocating) and their classifications and hydraulic lift.

Unit-5: Introduction to Measurement and Mechatronics

Introduction to Measurement: 

Concept of Measurement, 

Error in measurements,

Calibration, 

measurements of pressure(Bourdon Tube Pressure and U-Tube Manometer), 

temperature(Thermocouple and Optical Pyrometer), 

mass flow rate(Venturi Meter and Orifice Meter), 

strain(Bonded and Unbonded Strain Gauge),

force (Proving Ring) and torques(Prony Brake Dynamometer); 

Concepts of accuracy,

precision and resolution.

Introduction to Mechatronic Systems: 

Evolution, Scope, Advantages and disadvantages of Mechatronics, 

Industrial applications of Mechatronics, 

Introduction to autotronics, bionics, and avionics and their applications. 

Sensors and Transducers:

Types of sensors, types of transducers and their characteristics.

Overview of Mechanical Actuation System – 

Kinematic Chains, 

Cam, 

Ratchet Mechanism, 

Gears and its type, 

Belt, 

Bearing.

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuation Systems: 

Overview: Pressure Control

Valves, Direction Control Valves, 

Rotary Actuators, 

Accumulators and Pneumatic

Sequencing Problems.

BCS101 / BCS201: PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING SYLLABUS

 BCS101 / BCS201: 

PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

Unit -1:

Introduction to Components of a Computer System: 

Memory, 

Processor, 

I/O Devices, 

Storage, 

Operating System, 

Concept of Assembler, 

Compiler, 

Interpreter,

Loader and Linker.

Idea of Algorithm: 

Representation of Algorithm, 

Flowchart, 

Pseudo Code with Examples, 

From Algorithms to Programs, 

Source Code.

Programming Basics: 

Structure of C Program, 

Writing and Executing the First C Program, 

Syntax and Logical Errors in Compilation, 

Object and Executable Code.

Components of C Language. 

Standard I/O in C , 

Fundamental Data types, 

Variables and Memory Locations, 

Storage Classes.

Unit-2:

Arithmetic Expressions and Precedence : 

Operators and Expression Using

Numeric and Relational Operators, 

Mixed Operands, 

Type Conversion, 

Logical Operators, 

Bit Operations, 

Assignment Operator, 

Operator precedence and Associatively.

Conditional Branching: 

Applying if and Switch Statements, 

Nesting if and Else and Switch.

Unit-3:

Iteration and Loops: 

Use of While, do While and for Loops, 

Multiple Loop Variables, 

Use of Break , Goto and Continue Statements.

Arrays: 

Array Notation and Representation, 

Manipulating Array Elements, 

using Multi Dimensional Arrays. 

Character Arrays and Strings, 

Structure, 

union,

Enumerated Data types, 

Array of Structures, 

Passing Arrays to Functions.

Unit-4:

Functions: 

Introduction, 

Types of Functions, 

Functions with Array, 

Passing Parameters to Functions, 

Call by Value, 

Call by Reference, 

Recursive Functions.

Basic of searching and Sorting Algorithms: 

Searching & Sorting Algorithms ( Linear Search , Binary search , Bubble Sort, Insertion and Selection Sort)

Unit-5:

Pointers: 

Introduction, Declaration, Applications, 

Introduction to Dynamic Memory Allocation (Malloc, Calloc, Realloc, Free), 

String and String functions , 

Use of Pointers in Self-Referential Structures, 

Notion of Linked List (No Implementation)

File Handling: 

File I/O Functions, 

Standard C Preprocessors, 

Defining and Calling Macros,

Command-Line Arguments.